Steels, General Properties
Subcategory: Metal
Key Words: carbon steels, alloy steels
| Component | Wt. % |  | | | C | 0.03 - 1.25 | | | Fe | 80 - 98 | | | Mn | 0.2 - 16 | | | P | Max 0.05 | | | S | Max 0.05 | | | Si | 0 - 0.5 | |
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Material Notes:
Steel compositions vary widely. Steels in general have a lower carbon content than cast irons, and lower amounts of impurities like phosphorus and sulfur. The composition chart above represents typical ranges for basic steel constituents. Other alloying elements such as Boron, Chromium, Cobalt, Columbium (Niobium), Copper, Molybdenum, Nickel, Nitrogen, Selenium, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, and Vanadium are added to improve corrosion, high temperature, and mechanical properties of steel. The properties listed below reflect typical properties for Steels. In general, properties such as density, thermal conductivity, and electrical resistivity do not vary greatly with composition or heat treatment, whereas properties such as tensile strength, elongation, and hardness are highly dependent on composition and heat treatment.
| Physical Properties | Metric | English | Comments |
|
| Density | 7.8 - 8 g/cc | 0.282 - 0.289 lb/in³ | Density usually ranges from 7.8 - 7.9 g/cc for carbon and low alloy steels. Stainless steels typically have densities around 8 g/cc. |
Mechanical Properties |
|
| Hardness, Brinell | 121 | 121 | Varies widely with composition and heat treatment. |
| Hardness, Knoop | 140 | 140 | Varies widely with composition and heat treatment. |
| Hardness, Vickers | 126 | 126 | Varies widely with composition and heat treatment. |
| Tensile Strength, Ultimate | 420 MPa | 60900 psi | This is the value for AISI 1020, a mild steel. Ultimate tensile strength values can range from 295 - 2400 MPa, depending on composition and heat treatment. |
| Tensile Strength, Yield | 350 MPa | 50800 psi | AISI 1020 Steel. Yield strength varies as Ultimate Tensile Strength values, from 200 - 2100 MPa. |
| Elongation at Break | 15 % | 15 % | AISI 1020. Generally as hardness and tensile strength goes up, elongation goes down. |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 200 GPa | 29000 ksi | |
| Bulk Modulus | 140 GPa | 20300 ksi | |
| Poisson's Ratio | 0.25 | 0.25 | Calculated |
| Machinability | 65 % | 65 % | for 1020 steel. Varies from 0 - 100, Based on 100% machinability for AISI 1212 steel. |
| Shear Modulus | 80 GPa | 11600 ksi | |
Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical Resistivity | 1.7e-005 ohm-cm | 1.7e-005 ohm-cm | |
Thermal Properties |
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| CTE, linear 20°C | 9.5 - 12.6 µm/m-°C | 5.28 - 7 µin/in-°F | steels generally range between 9.5-12.6 µm/m°C |
| CTE, linear 250°C | 11.7 µm/m-°C | 6.5 µin/in-°F | average over the range 0-250°C |
| CTE, linear 500°C | 12.8 µm/m-°C | 7.11 µin/in-°F | average over the range 0-500°C |
| CTE, linear 1000°C | 13.9 µm/m-°C | 7.72 µin/in-°F | average over the range 0-1000°C |
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.47 J/g-°C | 0.112 BTU/lb-°F | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 44 - 52 W/m-K | 305 - 361 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F | |
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